What were the numbered treaties?

• A. Agreements between the Queen and the First Nations to avoid war over territory
• B. Agreements between provinces on taxes
• C. International treaties
• D. Agreements with the United States

Answer: (A)

The main idea here is that the numbered treaties were formal agreements made between the Crown (the Queen representing Canada) and First Nations to regulate land and relations as Canada expanded westward. A series of treaties signed from the 1870s to the early 1920s (Treaties 1 through 11) across areas that would become Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Ontario, and parts of the Northwest Territories established terms for land concessions in exchange for protections and guarantees. In practical terms, Indigenous peoples ceded large tracts of traditional land to the government, and in return received reserve lands, annuities, rights to hunt and fish on unceded lands, schooling, and other supports. The overarching aim was to avoid conflict over territory while creating a framework for settlement and governance as the country grew.

So this description matches the idea of agreements between the Queen (the Crown) and First Nations to prevent war over territory. They are not about interprovincial taxes, international treaties, or agreements with the United States.